Aging Process Free Essays

The first article I chose to read was about grief, and how to cope with it. The loss of a loved one cause’s great stress can temporarily interfere with concentration, decision making, and work performance. With enough support and help, grief can promote personal growth of all of those involved in the process. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to this article, grief can be triggered by extreme isolation, depression, or other additive behaviors. Other indicators that show one who is dealing with grief may include quick replacement of the lost relationship or avoidance of any reminder of or imitation of the deceased. Many people who experience these symptoms need some sort of intervention by health care professionals. According to this article, there are many different types of grief that one can experience. These types include chronic grief, delayed grief, exaggerated grief, masked grief, and disenfranchised grief. Chronic grief begins as â€Å"normal grief,† but instead of going away, it continues for a very long time. Some people tend to define themselves by their losses, which leads to the development of chronic grief. Delayed grief is when a survivor consciously or unconsciously holds back their feelings in order to avoid pain, such as avoiding discussion of the deceased, or working too much. In masked grief, the survivor is not aware that their response to grief is getting in the way of them performing daily functions. One who is experiencing this may refuse help. Disenfranchised grief can occur when a survivor can’t fully acknowledge the loss of a loved one because the relationship may be considered unacceptable. Those who experience this type of grief may be those who are gay or lesbian partners. There have been many studies done on the effects of care giving to those who are going through grief and loss. In a recent study, 129 spouse care givers were asked to rate their levels of care giving. Those who had little or no involvement in the care of a terminally ill spouse were found to be at higher risk for complicated grief than those with greater involvement. The next article I read was also about coping with grief and loss. This article states that over the past 30 years, health care professionals have shown an increase in interest in the issues related to grief. There have been many different studies done on grief and loss, some of which have the same conclusions and others that differ in outcomes. However, in spite of these varied findings, it seems to be that following the death of a loved one, there tends to be an increase in headaches, dizziness, trembling, etc. It has been recommended that these symptoms can be signs of grief. There has also been an interest on whether or not people who are going grieving a loss require more psychiatric care during their mourning period. There have been few studies done to show some answers, but data is inconclusive. This article defines grief as one who was experienced the loss of a loved one to death. This article also explains that when someone experiences the loss of an important person, there is a tendency for that person to feel helpless, like they are unable to exist without that person. Some may also have mixed emotions of sadness and anger. Aside from the emotional responses to grief, there are also physical features that accompany grief. Some of these features are tightening of the chest, hollowness of the stomach, tightness in the throat, and lack of energy. This article states the order in which grief tends to happen; disbelief, confusion, preoccupation, sense of presence, and hallucinations. There are also a variety of different behaviors that are associated with grief reactions. These can go from sleep deprivation, and loss of appetite, to social withdrawal. Although these articles both discuss grief and loss, they differ in certain ways. The first article talked more about the different types of grief, and described the characteristics of them individually. The first article also discussed the effects of a person who is not involved in care giving to their loved on who is terminally ill. I felt that the second article talked more about the most basic type of grief in full detail. The second article, as opposed to the first article, went into detail about the physical features that also accompany grief. I also think that the second article talked about more broad concepts of grief, where as the first article was more specific in its focus on grief. I really enjoyed the articles that I read. I aspire to become a grief and loss counselor one day, so I felt that these articles really pertained to what I am interested in. I think that they explained things very easy, in words that I could actually comprehend. I believe that grief and loss counselors are very important in society; everyone at some point will lose someone they love, and may need the special support of a professional. I also found this topic to be of relevance because my best friends’ father just passed away about a month ago. I have been helping her mourn and go through the grieving process. Reading these articles made me realize things that I have been doing correct, and maybe some things that I could try to do better to help her through this very hard time. I think that these articles clearly defined grief, and all of the components that go along with it. I feel that everyone should read an article on how to help one cope with grief, just because mourning is a process that is all to common. Helping one get through these times is something that we can all improve upon. As much as I did enjoy both articles, I found my self more intrigued in the second article. It was a bit longer in length, and was very detailed. I think that the second article talked about a lot of different topics associated with grief and loss, where as the first article really just talked about the book definition of grief, and how to cope. How to cite Aging Process, Essays

Financial Management Theory and Practice Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Theory and Practice Limited. Answer: Introduction This paper addresses various crucial aspects of financial management which helps in analyzing the financial performance of a firm and preparing estimations and budgets (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). The current paper has been divided into five sub-headings such as financial analysis, operating revenue prediction, interest on loan, choosing investment funds, and bond valuation. The financial analysis has been carried out on the financial statements of Boral Limited, which is engaged in manufacture and supply of building material primarily in Australia and the United States. The company is listed on the Australian stock exchange. Financial Analysis of Boral Limited The financial analysis of Boral Limited carried out here covers financial statements for the year 2016 and 2015. The ratio analysis has been considered to be the most appropriate tool for financial analysis of Boral Limited (Tracy, 2012). The process comprising five steps such as liquidity analysis, asset management analysis, Debt management analysis, profitability analysis, and market value analysis have been followed in conducting the ratio analysis. Liquidity Analysis It refers to the companys ability to pay the short term debt on time. The short term debt here implies the current liabilities which consist of trade payables, expenses payables, and the short term borrowings. The ability of the company to pay short term debt is adjudged based on the sufficiency of the current assets and the sufficiency of the current assets is analyzed by current and quick ratio (Tracy, 2012). The current ratio is computed by dividing the current assets with the current liabilities. The quick ratio is computed in the same manner except that the current assets here do not include inventories (Tracy, 2012). In the case of Boral Limited, the current ratio for the financial year 2015 and 2016 has been found to be 1.89 times and 1.43 times (appendix). It could be observed that the current ratio of the company is falling down in the current year as compared to the previous year. The downfall in the current ratio clearly indicates that the current assets of the company are decreasing relative to its current liabilities. Further, the quick ratio also went down from 1.30 times in 2015 to 0.95 times in the year 2016 depicting that the company is facing problems with liquidity (Appendix). Asset Management Analysis Analyzing the efficiency of management to convert the assets into sales or use the assets effectively to generate sales falls under asset management analysis. The prominent ratios such as asset turnover, inventory holding days, and accounts receivables days are computed to analyze the efficiency of management in regard to asset management (Tracy, 2012). The asset turnover ratio depicts revenues per $ of total assets deployed in the business. The inventory turnover days depicts the time period for which the inventory is usually held in the go-down by the company and accounts receivable days depicts the credit period extended by the company to its customers to pay their dues (Tracy, 2012). In the current case of Boral Limited, asset turnover ratio has been found to be 0.73 times in 2015 and 0.74 times in the year 2016 (Appendix). This indicates that the company was earning revenues of $0.73 by utilizing $1 of total assets in the year 2015 which slightly improved to $0.74 in the current year. Further, the inventory holding days were found to be 65 days in 2015 and 69 days in 2016 (Appendix). Increment by 4 days in the inventory holding period is indicative of inefficiencies of the management in managing inventory. On the other hand, the accounts receivable days were found to be decreasing by 3 days in the current year. The accounts receivable days were 56 days in 2015 which reduced to 53 days in 2015. The decrease in the accounts receivable days indicates improvement in the managements efficiency. Debt Management Analysis The debt management is one of the most important aspects of business. The recklessness in debt management could hamper the companys business severely and endanger its solvency. This is the reason that the investors first look into the debt management of the company before analyzing the profitability (Tracy, 2012). In order to analyze the efficacy and effectiveness of the debt management, two most important ratios such as debt equity ratio and Interest Times ratio have been calculated and analyzed. In the current case of Boral Limited, the debt equity ratio has been found to be 0.66 times in 2015 and 0.65 times in 2016. Thus, it could be observed that there has been slight decrease in the debt equity ratio in the current year as compared to the previous year. The decrease in the debt equity ratio depicts that the company is using less debt as compared to equity in financing its business. However, ideally, it is considered that the company should not use more than $0.33 of debt against the $1 of equity. In the current case of Boral Limited, the debt to equity ratio is much more than the ideal one, thus, the risk of solvency could be higher. Further, the Interest Times ratio was observed to be 4.60 times in 2015 and increasing slightly it reached to 4.91 times in the year 2016. The increment in the Interest Times ratio depicts that the companys ability to repay the debt has improved. Profitability Analysis The analysis of profitability is considered to be the decisive factor for the investor in taking an investment decision. In order to analyze the profitability of the business, two most crucial ratios such as net margin and return on equity are taken for computation and analysis (Tracy, 2012). In the current case of Boral Limited, the net margin ratio has been found to be 5.98% and 5.94% in the year 2015 and 2016 respectively (Appendix). It could be observed that the net margin has dropped slightly in the 2016 as compared to the previous year. The drop in net margin ratio depicts downfall in the profitability of the company. Further, the return on equity was found to be 7.29% and 7.30% for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively (Appendix). This implies that the return on equity has improved a bit in the current year. It could be observed that despite downfall in the net margin ratio, the return on equity has improved in the current year. This implies that the improvement in the return on equity was due to reduction in the shareholders equity in the current year. The shareholders equity reduced from $3,524.10 in 2015 to $3,506.30 in the year 2016 (Appendix). Market Value Analysis The market value analysis covers evaluation of the stocks price of the company. The evaluation in regard to the price of the stock is focused on analyzing that whether the stock of company is over or under valued. The two most crucial ratios such as Price to Earnings (PE) ratio and Market value to Book value ratio are considered essential in this regard (Tracy, 2012). The results of ratio analysis on the financial statements of Boral Limited depict a PE ratio of 17.47 times in 2015 and 17.21 times in 2016 (Appendix). An increase in the PE ratio is considered good for the company and the investors wealth. However, in case of Boral Limited, it could be observed to be slopping slightly downwards, which is indicative of reduction in the wealth of the shareholders. Further, the market value to book value ratio was found to be 1.27 times in 2015 and 1.26 times 2016 (Appendix). There could be observed a slight downfall in the market to book value ratio of the company. The downfall in the market to book value ratio indicates that the company is not performing well in the market. Operating Revenues Prediction Report of Research and Markets has forecasted that the timber and building material supplier industry is to grow at the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.63% per year from 2017 to 2021 (Finanznachrichten , 2016). Therefore, it can be expected that the operating revenues of Boral Limited which is a major supplier of timber and building material will rise. The CAGR of 4.63% in the timber and building material industry appears to be sustainable because of innovative products coming into the market. It is expected that the use of decking in construction of buildings will increase which will push the demand of timber and building material industry. Based on the CAGR of 4.63%, the operating revenues for the year 2020-21 have been computed as under: Presently, the company earns operating revenues of $4,311.20 million (Boral Limited, 2016). The current revenues compounded at the rate of 4.63% per annum will rise to $5,406.40 million by the end of 2020-21. Interest on Loan The interest rate computed using the interest expense and the average long term debt of the company is given below: Boral Limited A. Interest Expense ($M) 70.8 B. Average long term debt ($M) 1156.8 C. Interest rate annual (A/B) 6.12% D. Interest rate quarterly 1.53% Thus, the interest rate that would be charged on the loan will be 6.12% per annum or 1.53% quarterly. At this rate of interest, the quarterly installment of loan will be as follows: A Loan amount $300,000 B Tenure (years) 30 C Quarterly periods 120 D Quarterly rate 1.53% E PAVF 54.7898 F Installment quarterly (A/E) $5,475.47 Using the above amount of installment, the loan schedule for first ten years has been presented below: Period Opening outstanding Installment Interest Closing 1 300,000.00 5,475.47 4,590.25 299,114.78 2 299,114.78 5,475.47 4,576.70 298,216.01 3 298,216.01 5,475.47 4,562.95 297,303.49 4 297,303.49 5,475.47 4,548.99 296,377.01 5 296,377.01 5,475.47 4,534.81 295,436.35 6 295,436.35 5,475.47 4,520.42 294,481.30 7 294,481.30 5,475.47 4,505.81 293,511.64 8 293,511.64 5,475.47 4,490.97 292,527.14 9 292,527.14 5,475.47 4,475.91 291,527.57 10 291,527.57 5,475.47 4,460.61 290,512.72 11 290,512.72 5,475.47 4,445.09 289,482.33 12 289,482.33 5,475.47 4,429.32 288,436.18 13 288,436.18 5,475.47 4,413.31 287,374.02 14 287,374.02 5,475.47 4,397.06 286,295.61 15 286,295.61 5,475.47 4,380.56 285,200.70 16 285,200.70 5,475.47 4,363.81 284,089.03 17 284,089.03 5,475.47 4,346.80 282,960.36 18 282,960.36 5,475.47 4,329.53 281,814.41 19 281,814.41 5,475.47 4,311.99 280,650.94 20 280,650.94 5,475.47 4,294.19 279,469.66 21 279,469.66 5,475.47 4,276.12 278,270.30 22 278,270.30 5,475.47 4,257.77 277,052.60 23 277,052.60 5,475.47 4,239.13 275,816.26 24 275,816.26 5,475.47 4,220.22 274,561.01 25 274,561.01 5,475.47 4,201.01 273,286.55 26 273,286.55 5,475.47 4,181.51 271,992.59 27 271,992.59 5,475.47 4,161.71 270,678.83 28 270,678.83 5,475.47 4,141.61 269,344.96 29 269,344.96 5,475.47 4,121.20 267,990.69 30 267,990.69 5,475.47 4,100.48 266,615.70 31 266,615.70 5,475.47 4,079.44 265,219.67 32 265,219.67 5,475.47 4,058.08 263,802.28 33 263,802.28 5,475.47 4,036.39 262,363.20 34 262,363.20 5,475.47 4,014.37 260,902.11 35 260,902.11 5,475.47 3,992.02 259,418.65 36 259,418.65 5,475.47 3,969.32 257,912.50 37 257,912.50 5,475.47 3,946.28 256,383.31 38 256,383.31 5,475.47 3,922.88 254,830.71 39 254,830.71 5,475.47 3,899.12 253,254.36 40 253,254.36 5,475.47 3,875.00 251,653.89 It could be observed from the table shown above that the interest for the first year is $18,278.90 ($4,590.25+4,576.70+4,562.95+4,548.99). Thus, the company can claim a sum of $18,278.90 as interest in its profit and loss statement in the first year. The interest amount of the tenth year would amount to $15,643.28 ($3,946.28, 3,922.88, 3,899.12, 3,875.00). Choosing Investment Funds An evaluation of all the three options is given as below: A fund with a quoted fixed rate of 4.25% compounded semi-annually: A. Amount required to pay loan back 2,000,000.00 B. Rate annual 4.25% C. Compounded Semi annual D. Semi annual rate (B/2) 2.13% E. Terms (years) 3 F. Semi periods (E*2) 6 G. Cash required to invest $1,762,940.19 A fund with a quoted fixed rate of 4.2% compounded monthly A. Amount required to pay loan back 2,000,000.00 B. Rate annual 4.20% C. Compounded monthly D. Monthly rate (B/12) 0.35% E. Terms (years) 3 F. Monthly periods (E*12) 36 G. Cash required to invest $1,763,617.62 Zero coupon bonds maturing in three years and currently trading at $88 per $100 face value: A. Amount required 2,000,000.00 B. Face value of bond 100.00 C. No of bonds required (A/B) 20,000.00 D. Current price of bond 88.00 E. Cash required to invest (C*D) 1,760,000.00 Decision: It could be observed that the cash required for investment at present to get a sum of $2,000,000 after 3 years is lowest in the case of first option. In the case of first option, the company can arrange loan repayment of $2,000,000 by investing $1,762,940.19 today. Thus, it is advisable that the company chooses option one to make investment for arranging money in regard to loan repayment. The yield on the Australian government bond outstanding for 10 years is 2.73% (Blomberg, 2016) and the company has a spread of 570 basis points on this yield. Thus, the yield for companys bond will be 8.43% (2.73%+5.70%). In the case if the bond had been issued for shorter term than 10 years, the yield to maturity would have been lower than the current level. This is because the interest rate (coupon rate) remains higher for the short time period and as the period is enhanced, the interest rates fall downside. For example, the coupon rate on Australian government bond having term to maturity of 10 years is 4.75%, but it goes high to 5.75% if the terms to maturity of the same bond are reduced to 5 years (Blomberg, 2016). Further, there exists an inverse relationship between the coupon rate and the yield to maturity (Gitman, Juchau, and Flanagan, 2015). Thus, if the coupon rate of the bond goes up, the yield to maturity will go down. For example, the Australian government bond having 10 years to maturity has yield to maturity of 2.73%, but it goes down to 2.27% of the term to maturity are decreased to 5 years (Blomberg, 2016). The primary components that play crucial role in determination of the market interest rates are risk free rate, inflation, default risk premium, liquidity premium, and maturity premium. If it is expected that the Australian economy will do well in the upcoming years, there would be less risk of default, rising inflation, liquidity crunch, and instabilities in the market (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). Thus, due to less risk, the premium for risk which is added to the risk free rate in computation of market interest rate will be also be less. Therefore, it could be inferred that the spread on the companys bond would be lower if it is expected that the Australian economy will perform with stability in future (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). If the predictions in regard to the Australian economy go correct, the spread of the companys bond will be decrease. Due to decrease in the spread, the yield to maturity of the bond will go down. The decrease in the yield to maturity of the bond will increase the price of the bond. Thus, the price of the companys bond will increase. This has been illustrated below: When coupon rate and Yield to maturity is same at 8.43% annual Face value 100 Terms (Semi years) 20 Coupon rate 8.43% Yield to maturity 8.43% Half yearly interest 4.22 Yield to maturity (Half yearly) 4.22% Price of bond $100.00 When coupon rate remains at 8.43% but Yield to maturity goes down by 2% Face value 100 Terms (Semi years) 20 Coupon rate 8.43% Yield to maturity 6.43% Half yearly interest 4.22 Yield to maturity (Half yearly) 3.22% Price of bond $114.59 References Blomberg. 2016. Australian Rates and Bonds. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Boral Limited. 2016. Annual report of Boral Limited. [Online]. Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C. 2016. Financial Management: Theory Practice. Cengage Learning. Finanznachrichten . 2016. Research and Markets- Global Timber Decking Market CAGR of 4.63%. [Online]. Available at: https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2016-09/38476394-research-and-markets-global-timber-decking-market-cagr-growth-of-4-63-by-2020-trends-technologies-opportunities-report-2016-2020-key-vendors-008.htm [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R., and Flanagan, J. 2015. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tracy. A. 2012. Ratio Analysis Fundamentals: How 17 Financial Ratios Can Allow You to Analyse Any Business on the Planet. RatioAnalysis.net.

Hadoop questionnaire Essay Essay Example

Hadoop questionnaire Essay Essay Time Allowed: 1 hr 30 proceedingss Maximal Marks: 100 Part – A ( Objective – 70 Markss ) All inquiries are to be attempted obligatorily. Each inquiry carries 1 grade. There is no negative marker. We will write a custom essay sample on Hadoop questionnaire Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hadoop questionnaire Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hadoop questionnaire Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Directions: In the inquiries 1-5. there are four words. Three of them are likewise in a certain manner. while one is different. Choose the one which is different 1( a ) Rectangle( B ) Square ( degree Celsius ) Circle( vitamin D ) Rhombus Ans ( degree Celsius ) Circle 2( a ) Aluminum( B ) Copper ( degree Celsius ) Brass( vitamin D ) Brick Ans ( vitamin D ) Brick 3( a ) Meter( B ) Yard ( degree Celsius ) Litre( vitamin D ) Inch Ans ( degree Celsius ) Litre 4( a ) Red planets( B ) Jupiter ( degree Celsius ) Saturn( vitamin D ) Sun Ans ( vitamin D ) Sun 5( a ) Breathing( B ) Swimming ( degree Celsius ) Dancing( vitamin D ) Playing Ans ( a ) Breathing 6Out of the given options below. place the word that can be formed out of the word BIBLIOGRAPHY ( a ) Physiology( B ) Graphic ( degree Celsius ) Barber( vitamin D ) Biology Ans ( vitamin D ) Biology 7Which of the word given in the options can non be formed out of the word REPRIMAND ( a ) Repair( B ) Remand ( degree Celsius ) MUNDANE( vitamin D ) Maid Ans ( degree Celsius ) MUNDANE 8Out of the given options below. place the word that can be formed out of the word MEASUREMENT ( a ) Maestro( B ) Acme ( degree Celsius ) Mantle( vitamin D ) Assurance Ans ( a ) Maestro 9Which of the word given in the options can non be formed out of the word ENDEAVOUR ( a ) DEVOUR( B ) Round ( degree Celsius ) DROWN( vitamin D ) DROVE Ans ( degree Celsius ) DROWN 10Which of the word given in the options can non be formed out of the word PHOTOSYNTHETIC ( a ) THOSE( B ) Aroma ( degree Celsius ) PRONE( vitamin D ) Cotton Ans ( degree Celsius ) PRONE Directions for Question Numbers 11 to 15 In each inquiry below is given a statement followed by two decisions numbered ( I ) and ( II ) . You have to presume everything in the statement to be true. so see the two decisions together and make up ones mind which of them logically follows beyond a sensible uncertainty from the information given in the statement Give reply ( a ) if lone decision ( I ) followsGive reply ( B ) if lone decision ( II ) follows.Give reply ( degree Celsius ) if either ( I ) or ( II ) follows.Give reply ( vitamin D ) if neither ( I ) nor ( II ) follow.Give reply ( vitamin E ) if both ( I ) and ( II ) follow. 11Statement: An advertizement – Interest rate will be fixed on the footing of our bank’s rate prevailing on the day of the month of sedimentation and refixed every one-fourth thenceforth Decisions ( I ) It is left to the depositors to guard their involvement( II ) The bank’s involvement rates are capable to alter on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing depending on market place Ans ( vitamin D ) 12Statement: In order to implement subject on conveyance subject on conveyance operators. the province authorities has decided to enforce a mulct of Rs. 5. 000/ – for the first extra metric ton loaded in conveyance vehicle and Rs. 1000/- for subsequent metric tons Decisions ( I ) People will follow some subject when terrible mulct is imposed ( II ) The province authorities has failed to understand the job of conveyance operators Ans ( a ) 13Statement: Research has proved that people eating high fat diets coupled with reduced degree of exercising are prone to bosom diseases Decisions ( I ) Peoples should cut down their high fat diet as preventative method ( II ) People must hold sufficient degree of exercising to cut down their opportunities of holding bosom disease Ans ( vitamin E ) 14Statement: An advertizement -Only those campaigners with exceeding endowment and strong motive should use Decisions ( I ) campaigners non carry throughing these standards will non be considered ( II ) It is possible to make up ones mind clearly who is talented and motivated Ans ( a ) 15Statement: An advertisement -Book your level before 15th June and avail involvement –free loan from the builders Decisions ( I ) No level will be booked afterwards( II ) After 15th June no loan will be provided Ans ( vitamin D ) 161. 3. 9. _______ . 81 ( a ) 12( B ) 15 ( degree Celsius ) 27( vitamin D ) 25 Ans ( degree Celsius ) 27 17A. E. ______ . O. U ( a ) F( B ) I ( degree Celsius ) G( vitamin D ) Liter Ans ( B ) I 181. 2. 6. 24. 120. ___________ ( a ) 144( B ) 480 ( degree Celsius ) 600( vitamin D ) 720 Ans ( vitamin D ) 720 1937. 47. 58. ___________ . 79. 89 ( a ) 67( B ) 68 ( degree Celsius ) 69( vitamin D ) 71 Ans ( B ) 68 201221. 2442. 3663. 4884. ___________ ( a ) 5885( B ) 6060 ( degree Celsius ) 6006( vitamin D ) 8448 Ans ( a ) 5885 21In a certain codification linguistic communication â€Å"ken poti† means â€Å"good forenoon â€Å" . â€Å"hu shang’ means â€Å"come on â€Å" and â€Å"hu ken Sue â€Å" means â€Å"come for good â€Å" . Which word in that linguistic communication means â€Å"for† ? ( a ) Shang( B ) Ken ( degree Celsius ) Sue( vitamin D ) Hu Ans ( degree Celsius ) Sue 22In a cetain codification â€Å"NOBLE â€Å" is written as â€Å"QREOH† . How is â€Å"PLATE† written in that codification? ( a ) SMDWH( B ) SOCWH ( degree Celsius ) SODVH( vitamin D ) SODWH Ans ( vitamin D ) SODWH 23Mahipal. the younger brother of Bibhu. is older than Rebati. Prema. who is younger to Seema is older than Bhibhu. Who among them is the oldest? ( a ) Prema( B ) Mahipal ( degree Celsius ) Bibhu( vitamin D ) Seema Ans ( vitamin D ) Seema 24Introducing a adult female. a adult male said. â€Å"Her father’s merely boy is my father† . How is the adult male related to the adult female? ( a ) Father( B ) Son ( degree Celsius ) Uncle( vitamin D ) Nephew Ans ( vitamin D ) Nephew 25â€Å"Table† is related to â€Å"Wood† in the same manner as â€Å"Shirt† is related to ( a ) Cotton( B ) Fabric ( degree Celsius ) Cloth( vitamin D ) Dress Ans ( degree Celsius ) Cloth Directions: In the inquiries 26- 30. Pick out the word that is most about the same in significance ( SYNONYMS ) as the word given in the capitals 26FORTIFY ( a ) Topple( B ) Destroy ( degree Celsius ) Reproduce( vitamin D ) Strengthen Ans ( vitamin D ) Strengthen 27FRAGILE ( a ) Valid( B ) Delicate ( degree Celsius ) Frank( vitamin D ) Incapable Ans ( B ) Delicate 28AMENABLE ( a ) Truthful( B ) Pleasant ( degree Celsius ) Pliable( vitamin D ) Generous Ans ( degree Celsius ) Pliable 29ADMONISH ( a ) Scold( B ) Pacify ( degree Celsius ) Display( vitamin D ) Ignore Ans ( a ) Scold 30COMMEMORATE ( a ) Manipulate( B ) Harmonise ( degree Celsius ) Remember( vitamin D ) Boast Ans ( degree Celsius ) Remember Directions: In the inquiries 31-35. Pick out the word that is most about the opposite in significance ( ANTONYMS ) as the word given in the capitals 31Agreement ( a ) Capital of new hampshire( B ) Policy ( degree Celsius ) Dissent( vitamin D ) Act Ans ( degree Celsius ) Dissent 32SELDOM ( a ) Occasionally( B ) Frequently ( degree Celsius ) Continuously( vitamin D ) Marginally Ans ( B ) Frequently 33CREDIBLE ( a ) Unchangeable( B ) Insurmountable ( degree Celsius ) Unwieldy( vitamin D ) Unbelievable Ans ( vitamin D ) Unbelievable 34AUGMENT ( a ) Surpass( B ) Follow ( degree Celsius ) Prohibit( vitamin D ) Decrease Ans ( vitamin D ) Decrease 35HUMILITY ( a ) Integrity( B ) Pride ( degree Celsius ) Modesty( vitamin D ) Shame Ans ( B ) Pride Directions for Question Numbers 36 to 45 Pick out the most effectual word from the given words to make full in the space to do the sentence meaningfully complete 36Poor Praveen had to ______ the load of his father’s debts ( a ) Suffer( B ) Bear ( degree Celsius ) Upheaval( vitamin D ) Lift Ans ( B ) Bear 37A _______ of ships was kept ready to scour the sea in instance of exigency ( a ) Group( B ) Battalion ( degree Celsius ) Unit of measurement( vitamin D ) Fleet Ans ( vitamin D ) Fleet 38The members were _______ of the day of the month of the meeting good in progress ( a ) Communicated( B ) Conveyed ( degree Celsius ) Ignorant( vitamin D ) Informed Ans ( vitamin D ) Informed 39The talker drew the attending of the audience _________ the combustion issues ( a ) Into( B ) Towards ( degree Celsius ) to( vitamin D ) From Ans ( degree Celsius ) to 40A commission was formed to look _______the edifice ( a ) After( B ) At ( degree Celsius ) For( vitamin D ) Into Ans ( a ) After 41Known as a devout and serious individual. she besides has _______ sense of wit ( a ) Better( B ) Plentiful ( degree Celsius ) Beautiful( vitamin D ) Good Ans ( vitamin D ) Good 42The affair would hold become serious if _____ action had non been taken ( a ) Hasty( B ) Fast ( degree Celsius ) Seasonably( vitamin D ) Unusual Ans ( degree Celsius ) Seasonably 43Usha was severely ____ by the intelligence which she got in the missive ( a ) Electrified( B ) Petrified ( degree Celsius ) Deranged( vitamin D ) Shaken Ans ( vitamin D ) Shaken 44In malice of her other ____ Kasthuri still managed to happen clip for her avocations ( a ) Occupations( B ) Preoccupations ( degree Celsius ) Business( vitamin D ) Promises Ans ( B ) Preoccupations 45It is advisable to ____ on this issue instead than make unneeded job by taking a stiff base ( a ) Lose( B ) Promise ( degree Celsius ) Evade( vitamin D ) Compromise Ans ( vitamin D ) Compromise Directions for Question Numbers 46 to 50 Which of the phrases A. B. C and D given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in italics A ; underlined. to do the sentence grammatically correct 46They continued to work in the field despite of the heavy rains ( a ) Even though there is heavy rain( B ) Although to a great extent rains ( degree Celsius ) In malice the heavy rains( vitamin D ) Even though it rained to a great extent Ans ( vitamin D ) Even though it rained to a great extent 47Have you been told me about your job. I would hold helped you ( a ) If you would hold told( B ) Had you have told ( degree Celsius ) Had you told( vitamin D ) If you have told Ans ( degree Celsius ) Had you told 48They felt humiliated because they realized that they had cheated ( a ) Have been cheated( B ) Had been cheated ( degree Celsius ) Had been rip offing( vitamin D ) Were to be cheated Ans ( B ) Had been cheated 49He found the gold coin as he cleans the floor ( a ) As he had cleaned( B ) While he cleans ( degree Celsius ) While he is cleaning( vitamin D ) While cleaning Ans ( vitamin D ) While cleaning 50Because of his command in this field. his suggestions are broad accepted ( a ) Are widely accepted( B ) Are broad credence ( degree Celsius ) Have widely accepted( vitamin D ) Have been broad accepted Ans ( a ) Are widely accepted Directions for Question Numbers 51 to 55 What should come in topographic point of the inquiry grade ( ? ) in the undermentioned inquiries? 5125 % of? = 35 % of 7002 ( a ) 2000( B ) 1960 ( degree Celsius ) 1600( vitamin D ) 1800 Ans ( B ) 1960 52 9572 – 4018 – 2164= ? ( a ) 3570( B ) 7718 ( degree Celsius ) 3390( vitamin D ) 3300 Ans ( degree Celsius ) 3390 53205. 1569 – 79. 3719 + 724. 215 = ? ( a ) 750( B ) 850 ( degree Celsius ) 800( vitamin D ) 650 Ans ( B ) 850 545869 + 3578+ 1954 = ? ( a ) 11041( B ) 11581 ( degree Celsius ) 11221( vitamin D ) 11401 Ans ( vitamin D ) 11401 551 of? = 101+ 2993 ( a ) 800( B ) 1800 ( degree Celsius ) 1500( vitamin D ) 1200 Ans ( vitamin D ) 1200 56Salivary secretory organs in human existences are related to: ( a ) Digestive system( B ) Respiratory system ( degree Celsius ) Nervous system( vitamin D ) Circulatory system Ans ( a ) Digestive system 57The three celebrated Buddhist sites Ratnagiri. Lalitagiri and Udayaygiri are located in which of the undermentioned provinces ( a ) Madhya Pradesh( B ) Bihar ( degree Celsius ) Maharashtra( vitamin D ) Orissa Ans ( vitamin D ) Orissa 58Who was the first human infinite traveler? ( a ) Major Gherman S. Titor of USSR( B ) Frank Boreman from USA ( degree Celsius ) Edwin Aldrin from USA( vitamin D ) Major Yuri Gagarin of the USSR Ans ( vitamin D ) Major Yuri Gagarin of the USSR 59Who among the undermentioned held office of the Prime Minister for the shortest period? ( a ) Lal Bahadur Shastri( B ) V P Singh ( degree Celsius ) Chandra Shekhar( vitamin D ) Charan Singh Ans ( vitamin D ) Charan Singh 60Which amongst the followers is the currency of Japan? ( a ) Hankering( B ) Ruble ( degree Celsius ) Lira( vitamin D ) Iranian dinar Ans ( a ) Hankering 61Amrita Shergill earned a differentiation in which of the undermentioned Fieldss ( a ) Classical Dance( B ) Play ( degree Celsius ) Literature( vitamin D ) Folk Dance Ans ( degree Celsius ) Literature 62â€Å" Dashdwar Se Sopan Tak â€Å" is the autobiography of which of the undermentioned celebrated Hindi authors ( a ) Harivansh Rai Bachchan( B ) Krishna Chander ( degree Celsius ) Hazari Prasad Dwivedi( vitamin D ) Nagendra Ans ( a ) Harivansh Rai Bachchan 63Bangkok is the capital of which of the following states? ( a ) Malaya( B ) Dutch east indies ( degree Celsius ) Taiwan( vitamin D ) Siam Ans ( vitamin D ) Siam 64Santosh trophy is related to which of the following games? ( a ) Volleyball( B ) Field hockey ( degree Celsius ) Cricket( vitamin D ) Football Ans ( vitamin D ) Football 65Choloroflurocarbon ( CFC ) gas is used in which of the undermentioned domestic merchandises? ( a ) Television( B ) Refrigerator ( degree Celsius ) Cooking Gas( vitamin D ) Tubelight Ans ( B ) Refrigerator 66The term â€Å"Golden Handshake â€Å" is being used in the context of which of the followers? ( a ) Welcoming a new recruit( B ) Bidding adieu to a distinguished invitee ( degree Celsius ) Honoring a award victor( vitamin D ) Voluntary retirement strategies Ans ( vitamin D ) Voluntary retirement strategies 67Sriperumbudur. a temple town in South is the birth of ( a ) Adi Shankracharya( B ) Vidyaranya ( degree Celsius ) Ramanuja( vitamin D ) Madhavacharya Ans ( degree Celsius ) Ramanuja 68Which of the undermentioned statement about Meridians and equator are true? ( a ) Meridians are fanciful lines parallel to equator( B ) Meridians and equator converge at the two poles ( degree Celsius ) Meridians and equator neer run into each other( vitamin D ) Meridians are perpendicular to the equator Ans ( vitamin D ) Meridians are perpendicular to the equator 69Which of the followers is the unit of electric current? ( a ) Volt( B ) Ohm ( degree Celsius ) Coulomb( vitamin D ) Ampere Ans ( vitamin D ) Ampere 70The universe celebrated â€Å"Khajurao† sculptures are located in which of the undermentioned provinces ( a ) Orissa( B ) Gujarat ( degree Celsius ) Madhya Pradesh( vitamin D ) Tamil Nadu Ans ( degree Celsius ) Madhya Pradesh Part – B ( Descriptive – 30 Marks )Write an essay ( non transcending 150 words ) on any two of the undermentioned subjects. 1. How to maintain tantrum2. The influence of Cable Television in our lives3. My favorite avocation4. Should games be compulsory for school kids5. My aspiration / calling ends

Process Essay Topics

Process Essay Topics Selecting a Topic for a Process Analysis Essay Writing a process analysis essay demands consummate skills. It is necessary to use an analytical approach in order to produce a top-notch work. When preparing such a paper, it is very important to present reliable data. The point is that your piece of writing has to be based on accurate facts and not your personal opinion. At the same time, your work should be interesting and capture readers’ attention. That is why you need to pick a superior topic for your essay. Do your best to explore the subject in detail. Below, you will find valuable ideas for doing your academic writing project. Simple Paper Subjects The list given below provides easy topics for preparing works. In order to understand how to write a process analysis essay properly, it is necessary to choose an appropriate subject. However, it can be not as easy as it seems. Consider the following: Describe how to use a search engine. Explain how bad habits are developed. How to take care about pets? Steps to making a cup of coffee. It should be admitted that it is a great topic for those who just start writing process essays. How to choose a delightful book? Basic rules of driving. Explain how to teach a toddler to use a toilet. An efficient way of making an ice-cream. Preventing a fire. How to conduct an interview successfully? Talk about moving from one place to another. Explain how to take care about contact lens. Describe the process of training a dog. The best way to remove stress. Logical steps to knitting a sweater. Fundamental rules of playing chess. Analyze the process of making bread. Choosing a computer. What to pay attention for? How to stop smoking? Explain how to wash silk shirts. Clear direction on training police dogs. How to fly a kite? What is a process analysis essay? Provide detailed instruction on writing it. How to stop suffering from jet lag? Being a great writer. Describe the process of changing a car tire. How to amuse guests. Analyze the procedure of making soap. What is a landscape design? How to look fashionable without spending large sum of money? Making a PowerPoint presentation. Describe the procedure of making superior photos using Photoshop. Key steps to creating origami. How to change motor engine oil? How to use Google Maps? Explain how to find a leading magazine publisher. Describe the way of designing gardens. Where to get creative ideas for producing academic works? Explain how to play a cricket. Complicated Topics Papers written on complex subjects are focused on examining scientific processes. In order to write a work of superior quality, a writer should understand the matter completely. Here are some interesting process essay ideas: What is a Global Positioning System? How to overcome economic difficulties? Making a detailed analysis of handwriting. How to deal with insomnia? The process of minting coins. How does a blender work? Repairing watches. The ways of overcoming addiction. Athletes’ training. By the way, you can always turn to to get useful tips for writing exclusive process analysis essays. Selecting a university. How to build a telescope. Describe environmental-friendly tendencies. Basic rules of packing a parachute. Making wonderful photographs. How to create web design? How to use a CD player? Repairing a small engine. Providing the first aid. Living in the forest with a small amount of water and food. Explain the process of riding a bike. Fascinating Essay Topics It is understandable that subjects differ from each other. Some of them are considered interesting, others – boring. Below, we have created a list of fantastic process essay topics for college. Every student would like to prepare a paper on one of them. How to make a cake? Steps to cutting hair. Washing a parrot. Developing self-confidence. Making chocolate pudding. Getting ready for vacation. Provide clear guidelines to writing a process analysis essay? How to create a Facebook account? You can find the first part of process analysis essay topics.

Pablo Picasso Artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pablo Picasso Artworks - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso Artworks" attempts to portray the reasons Picasso painted and why he changed the movement. He was a Spanish sculptor, stage designer, playwright, printmaker, ceramicist, and painted who lived between 1881 and 1973. He was an influential artist who helped develop and investigate many varieties of styles. ). For instance, he co-founded the Cubist movement in the 20th century. He is recognized with Marcel Duchamp and Henri Matisse as artists who revolutionized printmaking, plastic arts, ceramics, painting, and sculpture. Picasso showed unusual artistic ability from his early years. Through his childhood and adolescence, he painted in a realistic manner. At the beginning of the 20th century, he changed his painting style after experimenting with various theories. Picasso’s work is categorized into movements. There are the expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Picasso’s expressionism can be further categorized into Blue period, Rose period, and Afri can-influenced period. Cubism is can be classified further into Analytic cubism and Synthetic cubism. There are many differences in the two painting. The differences lie in the painting style used. Picasso used expressionism in the Drunk Woman is Tired, while, in Girl in Chair, he used cubism and surrealism. In the Drunk Woman is Tired, Picasso is expressing his feelings of a real situation. In the painting, a drunken woman is asleep. The woman is emaciated and poor. She has no place to go. Picasso used the painting to express his sympathy to her.

Purchasing and supply management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Purchasing and supply management - Essay Example purchasing. After 6 months, she faced a genuine problem in discharging her duties. One of the highest paid senior most medical staff and substantial revenue generator Dr. Spiller, almost negotiated and finalized an X-ray processor with New Age regional manager Mr. Jarvis. After finalizing the product and rate and he only called Rose silver to place a final order to purchase the X-ray processor from New Age. Now being in-charge of purchase, Rose tried to explain the things but he is not willing to listen her views at all. He was just explaining to Rose that the firm and person, whom he has finalized is the right company /person and only the said supplier will be able to supply the product as well as it’s a right kind of product. He even told Rose that companies (Supplier) regional manager Mr. Jarvis assured him that all the details has been taken care of by himself. Now Rose Silver is facing a kind of situation in which she could not use her expertise in the interest of hospita l as well as she could not be able to discharge her responsibilities properly. Dr. Spiller had tried to bully her. Now she is in dilemma about her future course of actions. Discussions: (1) Lysons (2000, P.1) defines purchasing as: â€Å"Purchasing is the function responsible for obtaining by purchase, lease or other legal means, equipment, materials, components, suppliers and services required by an undertaking for use in production or resale†. Organizational purchasing decisions are therefore far more significant in today’s competitive situation and can play a significant part in determining company’s profitability. Purchasing is critical when it represents such a large proportion of the cost. Purchasing activities involves buying decisions to ensure that the right goods are in the right place, at the right time, at a right price, at the right quality and at the right quantity. Information is an important resource to

Concept Of Marketing Environment Commerce Essay

Concept Of Marketing Environment Commerce Essay This module gives an introduction to Business environment in which the firm operates. It includes understanding different environments like the Macro environment, micro environment and internal environment. Thorough understandings of these concepts are important for understanding the opportunities, threats, finding weaknesses of the organization as well as its strengths. This knowledge helps the firms to fore plan and makes effective decisions. Introduction to Marketing Strategy Introduction This lesson introduces the role and importance of Marketing Strategy to an organization. When you have finished this lesson you should be able to: Explain the concept of marketing environment Identify the macro environmental factors that affect the organizational policies. Identify the micro environmental factors that affect the organizational policies. Identify the internal environmental factors. Explain SWOT analysis Concept of Marketing Environment The market environment refers to the environment that the business operates in, which includes factors and forces that affect the firms policies and strategies. There are two levels of market environment. Internal and external environment, the external environment can be further divided into Macro and Micro environment. (For reference only) External Environment: The external environment consists of macro and micro environments. Macro environment: The macro environment consists of much larger and broader influences (which impact the micro environment), such as : Demographic environment Economic environment Natural environment Technological environment Culture political environment Micro Environment: The micro environment is made of individuals and organizations associated with the company and would directly impact the decisions of the company. It consists of : Company itself Suppliers Marketing Intermediaries customers Competition Public Internal Environment: Internal environment consists of elements within the organization such as: Employees Management Company policies Organizational culture Organizational structure Company image Experience and expertise Operational efficiency Operational capacity Brand awareness Market share Financial capacity Patents and trade secrets Exclusive contracts For an organization to analyse the overall environment in which it operates, environmental scanning becomes necessary. Environmental scanning is a process of monitoring, evaluating, and transmitting of information from the external and internal environment to concerned people within the organization. (Kazmi, 2008).Environmental scanning would help gather, analyse, and transmit information for strategic purposes. Environmental scanning is carried out by organizations to find out its competencies, weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats existing in the environment, which is termed as the SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis: The analysis of the environment in which business operates is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis aids to find information helpful in matching the firms competencies to the competitive environments. It has a major role in strategy formulation. Internal environmental scanning of the firm helps the firm find its: Strengths (S) Weaknesses (W) External environment scanning can help firms find: Opportunities (O) Threats (T) Environmental scanning is important for every organization due to the following reasons: The environment in which a firm operates is dynamic in nature, scanning becomes necessary to keep track of the changes happening in it. An environmental scan reveals the elements that constitute threats and opportunities available to the firms. It also helps keep the firm informed about competitors activities so that appropriate strategies can be developed on that basis. It is an important tool which gives necessary resource for formulation of marketing strategies. (for reference only) As already discussed the external environment can be categorised into Macro and Micro environment. Example: SWOT Analysis of Walmart Strengths Walmart has become the largest retailer in the US, and perhaps the world. Its huge buying volumes and negotiating style keeps its cost low, which allows them to keep their prices low. People will travel a pretty long distance to shop there. It has invested heavily in software technology to keep tight controls on its operations. Weaknesses Small local businesses often cant compete with Walmart, and go out of business, which often alienates the small local business community. Walmart has been sued for unfair labor practices as well. These and other issues tarnish Walmarts image, especially for those who are directly impacted. Opportunities Growing markets outside the US offers a great opportunity to continue its growth. Threats Being number one in its market, some of Walmarts proven strategies are being imitated, to various degrees, by other large retailers. This will likely make the market for the big box retailers more competitive over time. (Source: http://www.businesstune-ups.com/swot-analysis-examples.html) Resource Case study for SWOT analysis for TESCO Plc, UK- for Student reference -http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/management/tesco-swot-analysis.php Macro environmental Analysis Macro environmental analysis scans the macro factors that influence the organization. The macro environmental analysis is also termed as Pest analysis PESTLE Analysis: PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social-cultural, Technological, Legal Environmental analysis. It is composes of the macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning for developing strategic management. It is a critical strategic technique used for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for the organizations operations. Composition of the macro environment is as follows: (for reference only) There is certain additional factor other than PESTLE, which are included in the macro environment such as demographic environment. Demographic Environment: Demographic environment consists of the following elements which has a huge impact on the organizations operations: Population growth worldwide: The huge population growth that is seen over the few decades has been an area of concern; the population growth has led to exhaustion of scarce world resources such as fuel, food and natural resources. The other reason for concern is that the population growth is seen generally in those countries which are the lesser developed countries or as called the low income countries who cannot afford to support this kind of population growth. High population growth can have significant implications on the business. Population growth is beneficial for businesses only where this kind of growth is backed with the purchasing power. For example: India and China Both these countries have high population growth and are the countries having the highest population in the world. Whereas Chinese government has a strict one child policy, which has led to a decrease in their population, in India no such policy exists. The one child policy in china has led to one child in a family, which has led to excessive pampering of these children by their family members. Here we can see that even with a high population the purchasing power is high. As the children in china are pampered with toys and other childrens products, the toy stores and other kids related products manufactures find a lot of potential in entering the Chinese market to capitalise on the existing opportunity. Whereas in India the increase in population has not seen an increase in the overall purchasing power of the economy, hence the potential for such type of goods is less. Population Age groups Different countries have different composition of age groups. Population age groups can be sub-divided into Pre-school School going children Teenagers Young adults 25 to 40 Middle aged 40 to 65 Elderly 65 and above The composition of age group of the society determines the kind of products that would dominate the production and market. For example a country has an aging population would have demand for products that would be required for middle aged and elderly population, where as a country with a young population will have potential for children products and products for youngsters. Multi-culture market: The business policies and strategies would be different for different cultural and ethnic groups existing in the society. Education based groups The different kinds of education groups that exist will again determine what kind of products would be demanded in the market. Consumption patterns Household and consumption patterns differ in different societies. Migration and mobility of population Migration of population from one region to another has led to a multi-cultural environment. Where in some countries you can see a mix of different nationals and in others you will find only natives. The business policies and strategies will vary accordingly. All these factors have led to a fragmentation of the market. Businesses have now started to concentrate on smaller markets than mass markets on the basis of these differentiations in population. Economic environment Economic factors would be economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates, distribution of wealth and income and inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. Distribution of wealth and income: The distribution of wealth in the society also determines the consumption pattern of that society. Countries where there is equal distribution of income the consumption level and standard of living of people will be higher. Countries where distribution of income is unequal, the standard of living will be low. The type of products demanded in these societies would also differ. Where the standard of living is high, more of luxury and comfort goods will be demanded. Financial policies: Financial policies also have a huge impact on the consumption pattern of the consumers. Availability of good credit facilities and a well set up credit system leads to a higher consumption level. Natural environment The natural resources which are scarce in nature, needs to be conserved, industries have to be careful how these resources are used. New substitutes for these scarce resources need to be found so that they are sustained. There has been an increase in fuel costs and energy which is used for production. The firm has to keep a close watch on how the energy prices would have effect on its profits. Another cause of concern is the pollution that industrial activities have brought about. The global warming that has become a major global concern. Companies who take this as an opportunity by opting in for pollution control programs such as recycling would be ones who benefit. There are also several governmental regulations on environmental control which needs to be adhered to by every organization. Organizations need to support the governmental effort rather than opposing it. Technological environment Technological factors include technological aspects such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine entry barriers, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Technological advancement has brought about products into the market which was never dreamt of a few decades back. Increased budgets for RD have led to increased scope for innovations in the market. Another major issues faced by organizations today are Health and safety issues; there are several regulations in regards to health and safety which organizations needs to adhere to. These entire factors have substantial influence in the strategies and policies of organizations. Political environment Political environment would consist of the government of the economy, that is how and to the extent of government intervention exists in the economy. It includes factors such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Bargaining power of special interest group: These are groups of people who have interest in the activities of the firm, such as consumer rights, womens rights, senior citizens rights, minority rights etc. Example of Nestle Nestles business policies in the less developed countries have been criticised widely throughout the world, especially in the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, there is an ongoing boycott on Nestle Products. Though Nestle products are available in the market for sale, its sales volume and market share is well below expectations. Specifically its Baby products like Baby milk range, Baby food supplements and other products for babies are least demanded. The boycott of Nestle products has led to an increase in the market share of its competitors, namely Cow Gate, Socio-cultural environment Social-cultural factors include the cultural aspects, career attitudes and emphasis on safety etc. Changes in the social set up and culture have significant influence on the demand for products and services and how an organization operates. Cultural values Sub cultures Shifts in cultures Micro Environmental Analysis The micro environment consists of factors that are close to the organization and has a direct effect on its operations. Company itself: This would include the internal environment of the organization. (We will cover this part in the next topic) Supplier: The suppliers of the organization are the agencies and organization who supply resources for production purposes. The supply of raw materials, labour, electricity, equipment, fuel etc. would be done by these organizations. Developing a good supply environment is very important for an organization. Having the availability of resources as required keeps the production going. For this purpose, there have been significant efforts in the recent years to develop a sophisticated supply chain by organizations. The policies of organizations and their suppliers are getting integrated more and more. Organizations now, try to develop a backward integration with their suppliers. This ensures that the supply of materials and function of the organizations go smoothly. Marketing Intermediaries: They are the organizations that support the firm in selling, distributing and promoting the products and services to customers. Intermediaries help create place utility for the products. All the intermediaries associated with the firm would be collectively called channels of distribution. Channels of distribution can be of various levels and can include a number of intermediaries like distributors, agents, dealers, retailers. Designing and managing marketing channels is not an easy task, it requires a lot of effort from the organizations path. The organization has to know how to manage and keep all the intermediaries satisfied for the smooth functioning of the channels. Customers: Customers are the most integral aspect of the external environment. Most of the organizations activities and functions are directed towards satisfying the customers needs and requirements. There can be following type of consumers in the market: Consumer markets -would be individuals and households Industrial markets industries who purchase products for production purposes Resellers market organizations that buy goods and services in order to resell them at a certain profit Government and non-profit markets buy goods and services for producing public services International markets includes foreign buyers, producers, resellers etc. Competitors: Competitors are those organizations that produce similar products as yours and compete with you for the market share. The competitors have to be identified, monitored and competed with to maintain your market share. The competitors strategies and policies have significant impact on the organizations own strategies and policies, hence a close monitoring of the competitors policies and activities are eminent. Public: Would be a group of people who have an interest in the operations of the organization and also would have an impact on the organizations decisions and policies. Every organization has to face certain publics: Financial institutions Media Government Action groups General public Internal public (for reference only) Internal Environment Internal environmental scanning is the process of assessing the organizations strengths and weaknesses. It is through this process that organizations competencies and competitive advantages can be identified. Every organization will have some areas where it will be strong and other where it would be weak. It is the first step towards locating and developing its core competencies so as to survive in the business. The elements under internal environment are: Employees Management Company policies Organizational culture Organizational structure Company image Experience and expertise Operational efficiency Operational capacity Brand awareness Market share Financial capacity Patents and trade secrets Exclusive contracts (Source: http://www.netmba.com/strategy/swot/) Through internal scanning, organizations try to size up its competitive strengths. Strengths of the firm can be as follows: Patents Brands names Good reputation Cost advantages Access to resources Established distribution networks The Weaknesses of the firm can be as follows: Weak brand names Lower quality of product High cost structure An internal environmental scan involves looking at the present capabilities of the organization (infrastructure, hardware, personnel, abilities, structure, etc) and that information can be compared to what the organization will need in the future to achieve its strategic goals. Summary Font: Verdana | Size: 18 | Style: Bold) The market environment refers to the environment that the business operates in, which includes factors and forces that affect the firms policies and strategies. There are two levels of market environment Internal and external environment, the external environment can be further divided into Macro and Micro environment. The analysis of the environment in which business operates is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis aids to find information helpful in matching the firms competencies to the competitive environments. Macro environmental analysis scans the macro factors that influence the organization. The macro environmental analysis is also termed as Pest analysis. The factors under macro environment are: Demographic environment Economic environment Natural environment Technological environment Culture political environment The micro environment consists of factors that are close to the organization and has a direct effect on its operations. The factors under micro environment are: Company itself Suppliers Marketing Intermediaries customers Competition Internal scanning is the process of assessing the organizations strengths and weaknesses. It is through this process that organizations competencies and competitive advantages can be identified. The elements under internal environment can be: Employees Management Company policies Organizational culture Organizational structure Company image Experience and expertise Operational efficiency Operational capacity Brand awareness Market share Financial capacity Patents and trade secrets Exclusive contracts